Young Mexicans finding fewer reasons to head north

Versión en Español a continuación

Juan Valadez, a young graphic designer who lives in Guadalajara, Mexico, says the idea of moving to the U.S. isn't of interest to him or most of his friends. (Photo by Alysa Hullett)
Juan Valadez, a young graphic designer who lives in Guadalajara, Mexico, says the idea of moving to the U.S. isn’t of interest to him or most of his friends. (Photo by Alysa Hullett)

Dressed in a t-shirt and a partly undone button-up, 27-year-old Juan Valadez clicks vigorously on his MacBook Pro, tweaking a layout design for the mobile app startup where he works.

Valadez isn’t in South Lake Union or the Bay Area. He’s in Guadalajara, which has been appropriately dubbed the “Silicon Valley of Mexico.”

The enthusiastic young graphic designer is a part of a growing demographic who can’t relate to the almost universal desire of previous generations of Mexicans to emigrate to the U.S.

Back in 2007, about a fifth of Mexicans told a Gallup poll that they wanted to permanently move to another country. By 2013 that number had fallen by almost half, to about 11 percent (roughly the same percentage as Americans who said they’d like to permanently leave the U.S.)

Gallup poll results from 2012 and 2013 show similar numbers of Mexicans and Americans say they'd like live permanently in another country, reflecting falling interest among Mexicans in moving to the U.S.
Gallup poll results from 2012 and 2013 show similar numbers of Mexicans and Americans say they’d like live permanently in another country, reflecting falling interest among Mexicans in moving to the U.S.

Those changing attitudes reflect a surprising new reality that net migration between Mexico and the U.S. is at zero, or possibly even less. Although no data is available after 2010, some experts think the trend is likely to continue, in part because of Mexico’s expanding economy and and a younger generation’s attitudes toward migration.

Pew Hispanic Center immigration expert Michael S. Rendall explains that previously — especially in small Mexican towns — the desire to migrate to the U.S. was a social norm.

Now, he says, that trend in Mexico to U.S. immigration has shifted, and “it’s not clear whether migration will ever pick up again to historically high levels.”

In past decades about 15 of Juan Valadez’ relatives immigrated to the U.S. in search of greater economic prosperity.

Meanwhile, Valadez says he “would like to go there if [he] got like, a call from Google.” But that’s probably the only exception.

“I wouldn’t consider calling somewhere else home,” he maintains.

Only part of the reason for the “transformation” of migrant culture in Mexico can be explained by economic factors, Rendall says.

“It feels strange. Nobody is complaining about money.”

Even after the unemployment rate in the U.S. — which sent many immigrants home during the recession — fell to 5 or 6 percent, immigration didn’t pick back up.

“One might speculate that it’s more than economics going on,” he says.

Mexico’s improving economy, including an average of a four percent GDP growth from 2009 to 2012 (compared to about two percent growth in the U.S.) cannot be ignored.

Valadez describes the changing dynamic among his peers. They ask each other, he says, “How’s work going?” and the response is always, “pretty good.’”

“‘Don’t you think it’s a bit fishy that we’re all doing really good?” Valadez recalls asking a friend recently. “It feels strange. Nobody is complaining about money.”

Despite the fact that about half of all Mexicans still live in poverty, the Gallup poll found that they are less likely than ever to describe their country as poor, with only 13 percent of those surveyed in 2012 considering it as such.

With its ongoing development, Valadez describes Mexico as having “the best of both worlds.”

“We have really cool things from the first world,” he says, “and also the third world.”

The shining skyscrapers in Mexico City are home to the Mexican Stock Exchange, which has seen steady growth since a crash in 2008. (Photo by Alex Stonehill)
The shining skyscrapers in Mexico City are home to the Mexican Stock Exchange, which has seen steady growth since a crash in 2008. (Photo by Alex Stonehill)

Shifting attitudes toward the U.S. are harder to understand.

Valadez describes some relatives who live in a “Desperate Housewives house” in Seattle, complete with a hefty mortgage.

They seem to be happy, he says. But when they come home, they find a world where they don’t quite fit anymore.

“I have this vision of my cousin that applies to most or all of Mexicans [who migrate].” Valadez says. “I would say that they’re not from here, but they’re not from there. They’re just in the middle of something. They really don’t want to lose their Mexican roots, but they really can’t have them over there… They try to get the food, the parties…but it’s not the same,” he says.

Valadez says he “likes the states” and many of the “things it has done.” And he admits Mexico comes with drawbacks and baggage. But ultimately, he says “leaving would be bailing out of it. Like not wanting to face reality,” amid what he calls “a super interesting part of history.”

He acknowledges that his attitude toward migration might be due in part to his upper-middle class upbringing. Many people who migrate are looking to feed their families, while people like him only need to worry about themselves and have an easier time finding work in Mexico.

Aside from moving there temporarily as a means to learn professional skills, he says the idea of moving rarely crosses his mind, and none of his close friends want to go there permanently.

If they have a career, or if they have parents who are employed, “they wouldn’t go there. It’s not an option for people.”

“Leaving [Mexico] would be bailing out of it. Like not wanting to face reality.”

While it may not be an option for Valadez or his friends, between 2005 and 2010, about 1.4 million Mexicans did move to the U.S. But during that same period, about the same number of immigrants moved back to Mexico as well.

Most who returned cited nostalgia, rather than economic factors, as their reason for returning — suggesting that even economic prosperity may not be sufficient to keep Mexicans away from Mexico for long.

Valadez knows with a U.S. salary he could probably make enough to afford his own house, whereas now, his economic circumstances force him to live with his parents. Due to low wages, even his friends with steady jobs often live with their parents or several friends.

Still, they’d rather live tightly than move somewhere else, he says.

Valadez works and designs for a startup app he describes as a “Tinder for real estate,” allowing home seekers to easily sort through prospective places. Based in Guadalajara, which is increasingly known for its business and startup culture, the company finds an apt home.

Even outside of the city, Mexico’s technological sector has grown at a rate about three times faster than the global average in recent years.

Along with technological and economic development, quality of life in the country has predictably improved.

Mexico’s mean “life today” score — a Gallup measure that reflects how citizens rank their quality of life — was 7.1 in 2012, about the same as it was in the U.S. that year. That was up from a score of 6.6 in 2007.

A map of "life today" scores — a Gallup measure of perceived quality of life — shows similar responses in the U.S. and Mexico, while Central American countries score much lower. (Map via The Atlantic)
A map of “life today” scores — a Gallup measure of perceived quality of life — shows similar responses in the U.S. and Mexico, while Central American countries score much lower. (Map via The Atlantic)

The “life today” scores for Central American countries like Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras remained much lower throughout that period, reflected by what appear to be growing rates of migration from those countries to the U.S.

Levi Rios, a 39-year-old sustainable architect and gardener who lives outside of Guadalajara, says he thinks the situation for Mexicans has improved as they are now better equipped to find their own “possibilities of development in Mexico.”

Rios, for example, lives on a farm in a small town nearby, but comes to the city each week to work on his architecture projects, which often incorporate his gardening skills.

He notes that construction in Mexico is a recently expanding industry, especially in Guadalajara, where a half-finished skyscraper seems to sit on every street. Specialized industries are also emerging, mostly in tech sectors, creating more job opportunities.

Rios says he can’t think of any Mexicans who don’t have at least one parent who lives in the U.S., though.

“We’re really connected to the phenomenon of immigration,” he says.

Due to Mexico’s shifting family dynamics, though, Rios notes that younger Mexicans may feel less of a need to migrate.

“In reality, I’m not married, and I don’t have kids,” he says. Thus, like an increasing number of Mexicans, he can more easily afford to pursue his dreams in at home. “It’s really not necessary to go to another place.”

Levi Rios, 39, of Guadalajara says changing family structures in Mexico mean people like him without families feel less pressure to move to the U.S. for money. (Photo by Alysa Hullett)
Levi Rios, 39, of Guadalajara says changing family structures in Mexico mean people like him without families feel less pressure to move to the U.S. for money. (Photo by Alysa Hullett)

Although the vast majority of Mexicans may not want to move, there are still plenty of factors that might push them away.

Last year the value of the peso plummeted, corruption scandals wracked the country and high profile murders went unsolved.

“We’re always complaining about corruption… We all want a Mexico without it,” Valadez says.

But he cautions that the dream isn’t for Mexico just to become what he calls a “perfect European country.” It’s the lack of infrastructure and other challenges that give the country its character.

“We don’t rely on the system, so everything has to work between us,” he says. “It’s so crazy that everything seems to be put against people, and they work through it.”

Valadez says he and many others still find themselves fed up and dejected about the crime-ridden state of their country. “But we’re pretty tired about being sad,” he says.

But rather than leaving to live abroad, he says they’ll keep working to make Mexico a country where they want to stay.

Spanish version:

Juan Valadez, a young graphic designer who lives in Guadalajara, Mexico, says the idea of moving to the U.S. isn't of interest to him or most of his friends. (Photo by Alysa Hullett)
Juan Valadez, a young graphic designer who lives in Guadalajara, Mexico, says the idea of moving to the U.S. isn’t of interest to him or most of his friends. (Photo by Alysa Hullett)

Para los emprendedores mexicanos jóvenes, los sueños de prosperidad ya no se encuentran al otro lado de la frontera.

Vestido con una camiseta y una sola parte abotonada, Juan Valadez de 27 años de edad, hace clic vigorosamente en su MacBook Pro, ajustando un diseño para la puesta en marcha de aplicaciones móviles en las que trabaja.

Valadez no está en South Lake Union o el Bay Area. Está en Guadalajara, que se ha denominado adecuadamente el “Silicon Valley de México.”

El diseñador joven y entusiasta es parte de un crecimiento demográfico que no puede relacionarse con el deseo casi universal de las anteriores generaciones de mexicanos a emigrar a los EE.UU.

En 2007, alrededor de una quinta parte de los mexicanos, dijo en una encuesta de Gallup que querían mudarse permanentemente a otro país. En 2013 ese número había caído casi a la mitad, a alrededor de 11 por ciento (más o menos el mismo porcentaje que los estadounidenses que dijeron que les gustaría dejar permanentemente los EE.UU.)

Gallup poll results from 2012 and 2013 show similar numbers of Mexicans and Americans say they'd like live permanently in another country, reflecting falling interest among Mexicans in moving to the U.S.
Gallup poll results from 2012 and 2013 show similar numbers of Mexicans and Americans say they’d like live permanently in another country, reflecting falling interest among Mexicans in moving to the U.S.

Esas actitudes cambiantes reflejan una nueva realidad sorprendente que la migración neta entre México y los EE.UU. está en cero, o incluso menos. Aunque no hay datos disponibles a partir de 2010, algunos expertos creen que la tendencia es probable que continúe, en parte debido a la expansión de la economía de México y las actitudes de una generación más joven hacia la migración.

El experto en inmigración de Pew Hispanic Center, Michael S. Rendall explica que antes – especialmente en las pequeñas ciudades mexicanas – el deseo de emigrar a los EE.UU. era una norma social.

Ahora, dice, esa tendencia ha cambiado, y “no está claro si alguna vez la migración se recuperará de nuevo a niveles históricamente altos.”

En las últimas décadas alrededor de 15 de los familiares de Juan Valadez emigraron a los EE.UU. en busca de una mayor prosperidad económica.

Mientras tanto Valadez dice que “le gustaría ir allí si [él] recibiera una llamada de Google.” Pero esa es probablemente la única excepción.

“No consideraría llamar casa a otro lugar”, sostiene.

Sólo una parte de la razón de la “transformación” de la cultura migrante en México se explica por factores económicos, dice Rendall.

“Es una sensación extraña. Nadie se queja de dinero”.

Incluso después de que la tasa de desempleo en los EE.UU. – que envió a muchos inmigrantes a casa durante la recesión – se redujo a 5 o 6 por ciento, la inmigración no se recuperó.

“Uno podría especular que es más que la economía lo que está pasando”, dice.

La mejora de la economía de México, que experimentó un promedio de un crecimiento del PIB del 4 por ciento desde 2009 hasta 2012 en comparación con los EE.UU. de 2 por ciento, no puede ser ignorada.

Valdez describe la dinámica cambiante entre sus pares. Ellos se preguntan unos a otros, dice, “¿Cómo va el trabajo?” Y la respuesta es siempre, “bastante bueno”.

“¿No crees que es un poco sospechoso que a todos nos va muy bien?” Valadez recuerda preguntarle a un amigo recientemente. “Es una sensación extraña. Nadie se queja de dinero”.

A pesar de que casi la mitad de todos los mexicanos siguen viviendo en la pobreza, la encuesta de Gallup encontró que es menos probable que nunca que describan a su país como pobre, con sólo el 13 por ciento de los encuestados en 2012 considerándolo como tal.

Con su continuo desarrollo, Valadez describe a México como que tiene “lo mejor de los dos mundos.”

“Tenemos cosas muy interesantes del primer mundo”, dice, “y también el tercer mundo.”

The shining skyscrapers in Mexico City are home to the Mexican Stock Exchange, which has seen steady growth since a crash in 2008. (Photo by Alex Stonehill)
The shining skyscrapers in Mexico City are home to the Mexican Stock Exchange, which has seen steady growth since a crash in 2008. (Photo by Alex Stonehill)

Cambios de actitud hacia los EE.UU., son más difíciles de entender.

Valadez describe algunos familiares como si vivieran en una casa de “Desperate Housewives'” en Seattle, completa con una hipoteca considerable.

Parecen ser felices, dice. Pero cuando llegan a casa, encuentran un mundo en el que no encajan más.

“Tengo esta visión de mi primo que aplica a la mayoría o todos los mexicanos que emigran” Dice Valadez. “Yo diría que no son de aquí, pero no son de allí. Sólo están en el medio de algo. Ellos realmente no quieren perder sus raíces mexicanas, pero en realidad no pueden tenerlas allá … Ellos tratan de conseguir comida, fiestas … pero no es lo mismo “, dice.

Valadez dice que “le gusta los estados”, y muchas de las “cosas que ha hecho.” Y admite que México viene con inconvenientes y una carga. Pero en última instancia, él dice que “salir sería como no querer afrontar la realidad “, en medio de lo que él llama” una parte muy interesante de la historia”.

Él reconoce que su actitud hacia la migración puede ser debida en parte a su educación de clase media-alta. Muchas personas que emigran están buscando alimentar a sus familias, mientras que gente como él sólo tiene que preocuparse acerca de sí mismos y encontrar un trabajo es más fácil para ellos en México.

Aparte de mudarse allí temporalmente como medio para aprender habilidades profesionales, él dice que la idea de mudarse rara vez se cruza por su mente, y ninguno de sus amigos cercanos quiere ir allí de forma permanente.

Si tienen una carrera, o si tienen padres que trabajan, “ellos no irían allí. No es una opción para la gente”.

“Salir [Mexico] sería como no querer afrontar la realidad.”

Si bien puede no ser una opción para Valdez o sus amigos, entre el 2005 y el 2010, alrededor de 1,4 millones de mexicanos se mudaron a los EE.UU. Sin embargo, durante ese mismo período, aproximadamente el mismo número de inmigrantes se trasladaron de nuevo a México también.

La mayoría de los que regresó citó la nostalgia, en vez de factores económicos, como la razón del regreso, lo que sugiere que incluso la prosperidad económica puede no ser suficiente para mantener a los mexicanos fuera de México por mucho tiempo.

Valadez sabe que con un sueldo de Estados Unidos probablemente podría ganar lo suficiente para pagar una casa propia, mientras que ahora, sus circunstancias económicas le obligan a vivir con sus padres. Debido a los bajos salarios, incluso sus amigos con trabajos estables suelen vivir con sus padres o varios amigos.

Aún así, ellos preferirían vivir austeramente que trasladarse a otro lugar, dice.

Valadez trabaja en diseños para una aplicación que permite a solicitantes de vivienda ordenar fácilmente a través de posibles lugares. Con sede en Guadalajara, que está cada vez más conocida por su cultura empresarial y puesta en marcha, la empresa encuentra un hogar apto.

Incluso fuera de la ciudad, el sector tecnológico de México ha crecido a un ritmo tres veces más rápido que el promedio mundial en los últimos años.

Junto con el desarrollo tecnológico y económico, la calidad de vida en el país ha mejorado predeciblemente.

La calificación “vida hoy” de México– un sistema de medida de Gallup que refleja cómo califican los ciudadanos su calidad de vida, era 7.1 en el 2012 casi igual que la de los E.E.U.U aquel año. Se había incrementado de 6.6 en el 2007.

A map of "life today" scores — a Gallup measure of perceived quality of life — shows similar responses in the U.S. and Mexico, while Central American countries score much lower. (Map via The Atlantic)
A map of “life today” scores — a Gallup measure of perceived quality of life — shows similar responses in the U.S. and Mexico, while Central American countries score much lower. (Map via The Atlantic)

Las calificaciones para países de Centro América como Guatemala, El Salvador y Honduras se mantuvieron mucho más bajas en el mismo período, reflejado lo que parece ser crecientes tasas de migración de esos países hacia los E.E.U.U.

Levi Ríos, un arquitecto de 39 años de edad y jardinero sostenible que vive en las afueras de Guadalajara, dice que cree que la situación para los mexicanos ha mejorado ya que ahora están mejor equipados para encontrar sus propias “posibilidades de desarrollo en México.”

Ríos, por ejemplo, vive en una granja en una pequeña ciudad cercana, pero llega a la ciudad cada semana para trabajar en sus proyectos de arquitectura, que a menudo incorporan sus habilidades de jardinería.

Él señala que la construcción en México es una industria recientemente en expansión, sobre todo en Guadalajara, donde un rascacielos a medio terminar parece sentarse en todas las calles. Industrias especializadas también están surgiendo, sobre todo en los sectores de tecnología, creando más oportunidades de empleo.

Sin embargo, Ríos dice que no puede pensar en ningún mexicano que no tenga al menos un padre que vive en los EE.UU.

“Realmente estamos conectados con el fenómeno de la inmigración”, dice.

Debido a los cambios en la dinámica familiar de México, sin embargo, Ríos señala que los jóvenes mexicanos pueden sentir menos necesidad de emigrar.

“En realidad, no estoy casado y no tengo hijos“, dice. Por lo tanto, al igual que un número creciente de mexicanos, él puede permitirse más fácilmente perseguir sus sueños en casa. “En realidad no es necesario ir a otro lugar.”

Levi Rios, 39, of Guadalajara says changing family structures in Mexico mean people like him without families feel less pressure to move to the U.S. for money. (Photo by Alysa Hullett)
Levi Rios, 39, of Guadalajara says changing family structures in Mexico mean people like him without families feel less pressure to move to the U.S. for money. (Photo by Alysa Hullett)

Aunque la gran mayoría de los mexicanos no quiera mudarse, todavía hay un montón de factores que pueden empujarlos a hacerlo.

El año pasado, el valor del peso se desplomó, los escándalos de corrupción sacudieron el país y asesinatos de perfil alto no fueron resueltos.

“Estamos siempre quejándonos de la corrupción … Todos queremos un México sin ella”, dice Valadez.

Pero advierte que el sueño de México no es sólo en convertirse en lo que él llama un “país europeo perfecto.” Es la falta de infraestructura y otros desafíos que le dan al país su carácter.

“Nosotros no confiamos en el sistema, así es que todo tiene que resolverse entre nosotros”, dice. “Es una locura que todo parece estar en contra de las personas, y ellas se las arreglan para salir adelante.

Valdez dice que él y muchos otros se encuentran hartos y abatidos sobre el estado de criminalidad de su país. “Pero estamos bastante cansados de estar tan tristes”, dice.

Pero en lugar de irse a vivir en el extranjero, él dice que va a seguir trabajando para hacer de México un país donde quieran quedarse.

5 Comments

  1. Moving abroad is not easy, especially when you move away from your parents and relatives. But everyone strives for the best, and there is a point that once reached there is no coming back – you hit the road and hope for the best! Wish you all the best and hope you won’t have to choose between relation and money!

  2. If the fence is definitely on the hlme line, itt is tthe responsibility
    of both parties to retain any fwnce I would say that extends to developing any fence.

  3. Hello very nice blog!! Mann .. Beautiful ..

    Wonderful .. I’ll bookmark your web site and take the feeds additionally?
    I’m glad to search out a lot of helpful information right here within the publish,
    we want develop more techniques on this regard, thanks for sharing.
    . . . . .

Comments are closed.

5 Comments

  1. Moving abroad is not easy, especially when you move away from your parents and relatives. But everyone strives for the best, and there is a point that once reached there is no coming back – you hit the road and hope for the best! Wish you all the best and hope you won’t have to choose between relation and money!

  2. If the fence is definitely on the hlme line, itt is tthe responsibility
    of both parties to retain any fwnce I would say that extends to developing any fence.

  3. Hello very nice blog!! Mann .. Beautiful ..

    Wonderful .. I’ll bookmark your web site and take the feeds additionally?
    I’m glad to search out a lot of helpful information right here within the publish,
    we want develop more techniques on this regard, thanks for sharing.
    . . . . .

Comments are closed.